Rally on Wall Street gains momentum, with the Dow surging nearly 600 points

Stocks rallied on Friday as traders digested a fresh batch of bank earnings and strong sales for June, which alleviated some worries that the Federal Reserve may aggressively hike rates to tame high inflation.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average popped 554 points, or 1.8%. The S&P 500 jumped 1.4% and the Nasdaq Composite added 1%, but stocks remained on track for weekly losses.

A new round of bank results from Wells Fargo and Citigroup offered further insight into the state of the economy. Wells Fargo popped 7.3% even as quarterly profits declined 48% and the bank set aside funds for bad loans. Citigroup soared 10% as it beat estimates and benefited from a rising rate environment.

A day earlier, investors combed through troubling reports from JPMorgan Chase and Morgan Stanley, which kicked off major bank earnings, and also weighed the likelihood of larger interest rate hikes from the Federal Reserve and looming recession concerns.

"I don't have a lot of bullishness on our ability to grow earnings in this environment," G Squared Private Wealth CIO Victoria Greene said Thursday on CNBC's "Closing Bell: Overtime." "I don't think it was bad or tragic, you know, but I think unfortunately, this earnings season, any miss on earnings or margins is going to be punished and any actual beats may actually be picked apart."

That, combined with strong preliminary consumer sentiment data and retail sales for June, seemed to soothe some concerns that the Fed may hike by 100 basis points at upcoming policy meetings. It also indicated that consumers are bolstering retail spending even as inflation hits record highs.

Friday's results motivated a broad-based rally across the S&P 500. All major sectors in the S&P 500 moved higher on the day with the exception of utilities, which inched marginally lower.

Financials jumped more than 1%, boosted by bank shares. Marathon Petroleum and Valero Energy jumped 2% each as oil prices rose. Shares of Tesla, Nvidia, Amazon Alphabet and Meta Platforms gained more than 1%.

At the same time, Shares of UnitedHealth, American Express and Salesforce led the Dow's recovery, rising more than 2% each.

For the week, the Dow is down 0.4%, while the S&P and Nasdaq have slipped 1.36% and 1.03%, respectively.

"The market seems to be welcoming the news, although retail strength could only add fuel to the Fed's fire to continue its rate hike campaign to cool the economy and tame inflation," said Mike Loewengart, managing director of investment strategy at Morgan Stanley's E-Trade Capital Management.

In corporate news, Pinterest shares surged 14.7% following a Wall Street Journal report that said activist investor Elliott Management took a stake of more than 9% in the social media company. UnitedHealth bounced 4.7% on the back of strong quarterly results.